HCOOCH CH2 H2O: Structure, Properties, Applications, and Safety of Hydroxyethyl Formate

Introduction

Hydroxyethyl formate, chemically denoted as HCOOCH CH₂ H₂O, is a lesser-known but highly functional organic compound derived from formic acid and ethylene glycol. Often studied under the umbrella of formate esters, this compound plays a critical role in green chemistry and sustainable industrial applications. From pharmaceutical solvents to polymer precursors and even battery electrolyte components, Hydroxyethyl formate is emerging as a valuable asset in modern chemical engineering.

Chemical Structure & Molecular Formula

The compound HCOOCH CH₂ H₂O structurally consists of a formate ester (HCOO–), a methylene group (CH₂), and a water molecule or hydroxyl component (H₂O or OH). The correct IUPAC name is 2-Hydroxyethyl formate. It is essentially the ester formed when formic acid reacts with ethylene glycol.

• Molecular Formula: C₃H₆O₃
• Molar Mass: ~90.08 g/mol

This molecule contains both polar (hydroxyl, ester) and non-polar (methylene) functionalities, making it versatile in solubility and reactivity.

Synthesis of Hydroxyethyl Formate

Hydroxyethyl formate is typically synthesized through an esterification reaction between formic acid and ethylene glycol under controlled conditions:

Formic Acid + Ethylene Glycol → Hydroxyethyl Formate + Water

• Reaction Conditions:
  • Temperature: 60–80°C
  • Catalyst: Acidic (e.g., sulfuric acid or PTSA)
  • Time: 2–4 hours for optimal yield
• Industrial Yield: Up to 85% purity after distillation

This synthesis is relatively green, using non-toxic reagents and producing minimal waste.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Hydroxyethyl formate exhibits several unique physical characteristics:

It is a polar compound, facilitating interactions with both water and organic solvents.

Applications and Industrial Uses

Hydroxyethyl formate is gaining popularity across multiple domains:

1. Green Solvent:
   • Environmentally friendly replacement for chlorinated hydrocarbons.
   • Used in surface coatings, paints, and adhesives.
2. Battery Electrolytes:
   • Utilized as a co-solvent in lithium-ion batteries for enhanced stability.
3. Pharmaceutical Industry:
   • Serves as a mild solvent or intermediate in drug formulation.
4. Polymer Industry:
   • Acts as a building block in producing polyesters and polyurethanes.
5. Cosmetics and Personal Care:
   • Humectant and fragrance carrier in creams and lotions.

Safety, Toxicity & Handling Precautions

Though relatively benign, hydroxyethyl formate still demands responsible handling:

• Hazards:
  • May irritate skin and eyes upon contact.
  • Inhalation of vapors can cause mild respiratory irritation.
• Storage:
  • Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
  • Keep away from strong oxidizers and heat sources.
• Handling:
  • Use gloves, goggles, and lab coats.
  • Ensure proper ventilation in workspaces.
• Disposal:
  • Dispose according to local environmental regulations.

FAQs (People Also Ask)

Q1: What is HCOOCH CH₂ H₂O?
A: It is hydroxyethyl formate, an organic ester compound used in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and polymers.

Q2: How is hydroxyethyl formate synthesized?
A: By reacting formic acid with ethylene glycol under heat and acidic conditions.

Q3: What industries use hydroxyethyl formate?
A: Battery manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, green chemistry, and cosmetics.

Q4: Is hydroxyethyl formate hazardous?
A: It is generally safe with mild irritant properties; handle with standard safety gear.

Q5: Can hydroxyethyl formate be used in fuel cells or biodegradable plastics?
A: Research is ongoing; its ester structure makes it a potential candidate.

Conclusion

Hydroxyethyl formate (HCOOCH CH₂ H₂O) exemplifies how organic chemistry continues to deliver versatile, sustainable solutions for industrial and technological advancements. With applications across solvents, batteries, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, and a relatively safe profile, it represents a promising compound for the future. Researchers and engineers should continue exploring its potential, especially in green technologies and sustainable production chains.